[[File:   Okučani Pakrac Daruvar UNPA Western Slavonia/Sector West (shaded green) on a map of Croatia. Other UNPAs/sectors are shaded red, blue and purple. | |
| Signed | 18 February 1993 |
|---|---|
| Location | Daruvar, Croatia |
| Mediators | Gerard Fischer |
| Signatories | Veljko Džakula, Dušan Ećimović, Milan Vlaisavljević, Mladen Kulić, Đorđe Lovrić and Milan Radaković for the RSK; Zlako Kos, Zdravko Sokić, Ivan Volf, Vladimir Delač and Želimir Malnar for Croatia |
| Parties |
 Croatia Republic of Serbian Krajina |
The Daruvar Agreement (Croatian, Serbian: Daruvarski sporazum) was a document negotiated by Croatian and Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) local authorities in the United Nations Protected Area (UNPA) Western Slavonia, also known as the Sector West on 18 February 1993, during the Croatian War of Independence. The agreement provided for improvement of water and electrical power supply, return of refugees to their homes and opening of transport routes spanning the Sector West and connecting Croatian Army-controlled areas near towns of Nova Gradiška and Novska. It also provided a framework for further improvement of living conditions of the population both in the Croatian- and RSK-controlled portions of the Sector West. The agreement was named after Daruvar, site of its signing.
The Daruvar Agreement, mediated by the head of the United Nations Civil Affairs in the Sector West Gerard Fischer, was negotiated in secrecy. When the central RSK authorities in Knin learned of the arrangement, the signatories on behalf of the RSK were arrested, and the agreement was labeled as treasonous.
Background[]
In November, Croatia, Serbia and the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) agreed upon the Vance plan, designed to halt combat operations in the Croatian War of Independence and allow negotiation of a political settlement. Besides the ceasefire, the plan entailed protection of civilians in specific areas designated as United Nations Protected Areas (UNPAs) and UN peacekeepers in Croatia—United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR).[1] The ceasefire came into effect on 3 January 1992.[2] Shortly after the Vance plan was accepted, the European Community announced its decision to grant a diplomatic recognition to Croatia on 15 January 1992,[3] while the Serb- and JNA-held areas within Croatia were organised as the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK).[4]
Despite the Geneva Accord requiring an immediate withdrawal of JNA personnel and equipment from Croatia, the JNA stayed behind for seven to eight months. When its troops eventually pulled out, JNA left their equipment to the RSK.[5] As a consequence of organisational problems and breaches of ceasefire the UNPROFOR, did not start to deploy until 8 March.[6] The UNPROFOR took two months to fully assemble in the UNPAs.[7] The UNPROFOR was tasked with demilitarisation of the UNPAs, ceasefire maintenance, monitoring of local police and creating conditions for return of internally displaced persons and refugees.[8] Those comprised more than 300,000 Croats who were exiled from the RSK-controlled territory,[9] and 20,000 Serbs who fled areas of the western Slavonia captured by the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) in Operations Swath-10, Papuk-91 and Hurricane-91 in late 1991.[10]
A part of the western Slavonia, encompassing an area extending approximately 90 by 45 kilometres (56 by 28 miles) was designated as the UNPA Western Slavonia or Sector West by the peace plan. Unlike other UNPAs, the RSK controlled only a part of the area—approximately a third of the UNPA located in the south, centred on the town of Okučani. The RSK-held area included a section of the Zagreb–Belgrade motorway.[11] The UNPROFOR deployed to the Sector West thought the HV would attack the area to control motorway.[12] In response, the UNPROFOR developed Operation Backstop aimed at defending against the HV attack, assuming that its main axis would be aligned with the motorway.[13]
Cooperation schemes[]
Division of the Sector West into Croatian- and RSK-controlled areas fragmented market for locally grown agricultural produce, and produce processing plants were rendered unaccessible to most farmers. Furthermore, the RSK-controlled area of the Sector west suffered from severe shortage of fuel and electricity, while the Croatian-held Pakrac was cut from water supply systems fed by springs in the RSK-held area to the south of the town. The situation led head of the UN Civil Affairs in the Sector West, Gerard Fischer, and Argentine General Carlos Maria Zabala, commanding officer of the UNPROFOR in the Sector West, to propose a degree of cooperation between local authorities on either side in the area.[14]
Their efforts resulted in a scheme where grain crops grown in the RSK-held part o the Sector West were milled in the Croatian-controlled areas, and supply of potable water to Pakrac in exchange for electricity supplied from Croatia to the southern portion of the Sector West. Fischer also obtained approval for limited return of refugees from local authorities. The scheme involved up to 2,500 refugees who would be allowed to rebuild their homes, funded by the Austrian government. The funds, in the amount of 1.3 million dollars, were obtained through Michael Platzer, Special Assistant to the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna.[15]
Formal agreement[]
Veljko Džakula (center), a signatory of the Daruvar Agreement
Fischer attempted to gain a wider support for the cooperation schemes already in place and extend their scope in the Sector West.[16] Fischer also assured the local authorities of the RSK that such a move would prevent renewed fighting in the area.[17] The result of Fischer's efforts was the Daruvar Agreement.[16] The agreement, signed in Daruvar on 18 February, encompassed reconstruction of water and electrical power supply networks, reopening of the Zagreb–Belgrade motorway section in the Sector West for non-commercial traffic, facilitation of Novska–Nova Gradiška railway, repair of telecommunication lines, establishment of a joint commission tasked with normalisation of living conditions in the Sector West, return of all refugees to their homes, access to property owned by civilians across the ceasefire line, and further meetings of local authorities to discuss further cooperation.[18]
On behalf of the RSK local authorities, the agreement was signed by Veljko Džakula, Dušan Ećimović, Milan Vlaisavljević, Mladen Kulić, Đorđe Lovrić and Milan Radaković.[18] At the time, Džakula held position of a deputy prime minister, while Ećimović was a government minister in the RSK.[19] Signatories on behalf of the Croatian local authorities were Zlatko Kos, Zdravko Sokić, Ivan Volf, Vladimir Delač and Želimir Malnar. Fischer signed the agreement as a witness.[18] According to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia testimony given by Džakula at the trial of Milan Martić, Ivan Milas was present at the signing of the agreement as a representative of the Government of Croatia, accompanied by Joško Morić, Croatian Deputy Interior Minister. According to Džakula, no effort was made to conceal signing of the agreement, even though its negotiation was kept secret.[20]
Aftermath[]
The central RSK authorities in Knin learned of the agreement through a report filed by the 18th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina on 26 February, eight days after it was signed.[21] The main opposition to the agreement came from Milan Martić, the RSK Interior Minister. Leadership of the ruling Serb Democratic Party accused Džakula of handing the RSK territory to Croatia.[22] The RSK leadership considered the Daruvar Agreement tantamount to admission of admission of economic unfeasibility of the RSK and an act of treason.[23] District council of the RSK-controlled western Slavonia condemned the agreement because it was enacted in Croatian language only, failed to note existence of the RSK or its administrative divisions.[24]
Džakula and Ećimović were sacked from their government positions,[19] and from positions of regional authority in the RSK-held western Slavonia. The other three RSK signatories were dismissed from their official posts as well. At local elections held in May 1993 to fill the vacated posts, Džakula was elected to serve as the Mayor of Pakrac municipality. On 21 September, Džakula and Ećimović were arrested,[25] and taken to Knin prison and then to Glina while investigation was in progress.[26] On 3 December, they were released only to learn that arrest of the two, and Kulić, was ordered days later. In order to evade the arrest, the three fled RSK to Serbia.[27] On 4 February 1994, Džakula was abducted in Belgrade by the RSK agents and taken back to the RSK.[28]
The RSK's response to the agreement ended Fischer's efforts. Moreover, Fischer, Zabala and Platzer were criticised by the UN citing their excessive assertiveness in the matter. Fischer left Croatia,[23] and Jordanian General Shabshough replaced Zabala in March.[29] The Zagreb–Belgrade motorway was reopened in December 1994 through an agreement between governments of the RSK and Croatia. However, a series of armed incidents in late April 1995 led to Croatian military intervention and capture of the portion of the Sector West previously controlled by the RSK in Operation Flash in early May.[30]
Footnotes[]
- ↑ Armatta 2010, pp. 194–196.
- ↑ Marijan 2012, p. 103.
- ↑ The New York Times 24 December 1991.
- ↑ Ahrens 2007, p. 110.
- ↑ Armatta 2010, p. 197.
- ↑ Trbovich 2008, p. 300.
- ↑ CIA 2002, pp. 106–107.
- ↑ Hague 1995, p. 5.
- ↑ Calic 2012, p. 122.
- ↑ HRW 13 February 1992, note 28.
- ↑ Hague 1995, p. 6.
- ↑ Hewitt 1998, p. 52.
- ↑ Hague 1995, p. 23.
- ↑ Wilson Young 2010, p. 191.
- ↑ Wilson Young 2010, p. 192.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wilson Young 2010, p. 198.
- ↑ ICTY 16 January 2006, p. 361.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Rupić & Vučur 2010, pp. 248-249.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 ICTY 16 January 2006, p. 362.
- ↑ ICTY 16 January 2006, p. 360.
- ↑ Rupić & Vučur 2010, pp. 247-248.
- ↑ Caspersen 2010, p. 104.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Wilson Young 2010, p. 199.
- ↑ Rupić & Sekula 2010, pp. 146-147.
- ↑ ICTY 16 January 2006, p. 363.
- ↑ ICTY 16 January 2006, p. 364.
- ↑ ICTY 16 January 2006, pp. 370-371.
- ↑ ICTY 16 January 2006, p. 373.
- ↑ Filipović 2008, p. 64.
- ↑ CIA 2002, pp. 296-269.
References[]
- Books
- Ahrens, Geert-Hinrich (2007). Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8557-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=b3fLRcHYSVAC.
- Armatta, Judith (2010). Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4746-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=pXygFoqg-G0C.
- Calic, Marie-Janine (2012). "Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995". In Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas Allan. Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 115–153. ISBN 978-1-55753-617-4. http://books.google.hr/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C.
- Caspersen, Nina (2010). Contested Nationalism: Serb Elite Rivalry in Croatia and Bosnia in the 1990s. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-726-6. http://books.google.hr/books?id=xZZR-1s-s3oC.
- Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. OCLC 50396958. http://books.google.hr/books?id=it1IAQAAIAAJ.
- Hague, K. C. (1995). UNPROFOR: A Perspective From the Field. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: United States Army War College. OCLC 32989633. http://www.worldcat.org/title/unprofor-a-perspective-from-the-field/oclc/32989633&referer=brief_results.
- Hewitt, Dawn M. (1998). From Ottawa to Sarajevo: Canadian Peacekeepers in the Balkans. Kingston, Ontario: Centre for International Relations, Queen's University. ISBN 978-0-88911-788-4.
- Rupić, Mate; Sekula, Janja, eds (2010) (in Croatian) (PDF). Republika Hrvatska i Domovinski rat 1990.-1995. - Dokumenti, Knjiga 8. [The Republic of Croatia and the Croatian War of Independence 1990-1995 - Documents, Volume 8]. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata. ISBN 978-953-7439-13-2. http://www.centardomovinskograta.hr/pdf/izdanja/Dokumenti_08.pdf.
- Rupić, Mate; Vučur, Ilija, eds (2010) (in Croatian) (PDF). Republika Hrvatska i Domovinski rat 1990.-1995. - Dokumenti, Knjiga 7. [The Republic of Croatia and the Croatian War of Independence 1990-1995 - Documents, Volume 7]. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata. ISBN 978-953-7439-13-2. http://www.centardomovinskograta.hr/pdf/izdanja/Dokumenti_07_KB.pdf.
- Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5. http://books.google.hr/books?id=Ojur7dVoxIcC.
- Wilson Young, Nick (February 2010). ""A More Human Channel": Grassroots Peacebuilding in Ceasefire-Divided Pakrac". In Božičević, Goran (PDF). Collusion and Disobedience. Grožnjan, Croatia: Miramida Centar – Regional Peacebuilding Exchange. pp. 190–205. ISBN 978-953-56089-0-5. http://civilnodrustvo.hr/upload/File/hr/izdavastvo/digitalna_zbirka/u_dosluhu_i_neposluhu.pdf.
- Scientific and professional articles
- Filipović, Vladimir (July 2008). "Kanadska Brigada "Princeza Patricija" u zapadnoj Slavoniji 1992.-1993.: Pripreme, djelovanje, poteškoće" (in Croatian). Canadian Princess Patricia Brigade in Western Slavonia 1992–1993: Preparations, Activities, Problems. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Sociological Association and Jesenski & Turk Publishing House. pp. 51–70. ISSN 1331-5595. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=65476&lang=en.
- Marijan, Davor (May 2012). "The Sarajevo Ceasefire – Realism or strategic error by the Croatian leadership?". Croatian Institute of History. pp. 103–123. ISSN 1845-4380. http://hrcak.srce.hr/84984?lang=en.
- News reports
- Kinzer, Stephen (24 December 1991). "Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn's Nod". Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. http://www.webcitation.org/69WmZTuSS.
- Other sources
- "Appendix E: Helsinki Watch Letter to Franjo Tudjman, President of the Republic of Croatia, February 13, 1992" (PDF). War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina. New York City, New York: Human Rights Watch. 13 February 1992. pp. 310–357. ISBN 1-56432-083-9. http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/y/yugoslav/yugo.928/yugo928full.pdf.
- "Trial of Milan Martić (IT-95-11-PT), Transcript" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 16 January 2006. http://www.icty.org/x/cases/martic/trans/bcs/060116ED_BCS.pdf.
The original article can be found at Daruvar Agreement and the edit history here.