| 1981 Iraqi embassy bombing | |
|---|---|
| Location | Beirut, Lebanon |
| Date | December 15, 1981 |
Attack type | Suicide car bomb |
| Deaths | 61 |
Non-fatal injuries | 100+ |
| Perpetrator | Al-Dawa |
On December 15, 1981, the Iraqi Shi'a Islamist group al-Dawa carried out a suicide car bombing targeting the Iraqi embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. The explosion leveled the embassy and killed 61 people, including Iraq's ambassador to Lebanon, and injured 110 others.
The attack is considered by some to be the first modern suicide bombing, and presaged the 1983 United States embassy bombing and the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing.
Background[]
Emboldened by the success of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the anti-Baathist Shi'a Islamist group al-Dawa, with financial and military assistance from the Islamic Republic of Iran, began to employ violence in its struggle against the Iraqi government. In 1979 and 1980, al-Dawa assassinated a number of "senior but low-profile" Baathist officials in Iraq.[1] In response to a failed assassination attempt on Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz in April 1980 by al-Dawa, the Iraqi government launched a severe crackdown on the group, which included the execution of al-Dawa spiritual leader Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr.[1][2]
The remaining al-Dawa leadership fled to Iran and the group became an "effective proxy" for the Iranian government against Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, which broke out in September 1980.[3]
Bombing[]
On December 15, 1981, a car filled with approximately 100 kilograms of explosives was driven into Iraq's embassy building in Beirut by a suicide bomber. The ensuing explosion devastated the embassy, killed 61 people, including the Iraq ambassador, Abdul Razzak Lafta, and injured more than 100 others.[2][4] Balqis al-rawi, the Iraqi wife of Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani, who worked for the embassy's cultural section, was also killed in the attack.[5]
Impact[]
The attack, which presaged the 1983 United States embassy bombing and the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, is considered by some to be the first modern suicide bombing,[1][6][7] though others nominate earlier attacks.[8][9]
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Abedin, Mahan (June 2003). "Dossier: Hezb al-Daawa al-Islamiyya". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. http://web.archive.org/web/20030715202301/http://www.meib.org/articles/0306_iraqd.htm.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lewis, Jeffrey W. (2012). The Business of Martyrdom: A History of Suicide Bombing. Naval Institute Press. pp. 57–58. http://books.google.com/books?id=E24eVvgg6yUC&pg=PT50&lpg=PT50&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ↑ Gordon, Michael R.; Trainor, Bernard E. (2012). The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama. Random House. pp. 709.
- ↑ Merari, Ariel (2 December 2010). Driven to Death: Psychological and Social Aspects of Suicide Terrorism. Oxford University Press. p. 29. http://books.google.com/books?id=IMTu5gwWE0kC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ↑ "Syrian Poet Nizar Qabbani Dies". 30 April 1998. http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1998/Syrian-Poet-Nizar-Qabbani-Dies/id-e1090608286b31493838761292984678.
- ↑ Pedahzur, Ami (28 August 2006). Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom. Routledge. p. 81. http://books.google.com/books?id=Sgcmk-Gx_mIC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ↑ Markovic, Vesna (2013). "Chapter 3: Suicide Terrorism: The Special Case of the Suicide Bomber". In Gürbuz, Uğur. Future Trends and New Approaches in Defeating the Terrorism Threat. IOS Press. pp. 31–32. http://books.google.com/books?id=hYDCAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ↑ Dzikansky, Mordecai; Kleiman, Gil; Slater, Robert (2011). Terrorist Suicide Bombings: Attack Interdiction, Mitigation, and Response. Florida, USA: CRC Press. p. 26. ISBN 9781439871317. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=iex_V2M2VB0C&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=%22first+modern+suicide+bombing%22&source=bl&ots=z0X8qCG4lq&sig=ytXAO1LERvYdeNPQ8S0NcjWGFhY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dKqtUvuUGIP_iAeAt4Fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22first%20modern%20suicide%20bombing%22&f=false.
- ↑ Tan, Andrew T. H. (2010). Politics of Terrorism: A Survey. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 9780203832011. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jZIXOlW7pgwC&pg=PA35&dq=%22first+modern+suicide+bombing%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GKPjUp7wKI-HkgWZ54G4CQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA.
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