The Government of National Unity (Hungarian: Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya)[1] existed during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany between October 1944 and May 1945. Formed by the Turanist/Nazi Arrow Cross Party, it was established on 17 October 1944[2] after Regent Miklós Horthy was removed from power during Operation "Panzerfaust" (Unternehmen "Eisenfaust" ).[3] Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi became Prime Minister and, as "Nation Leader", the head of state. During the government's short period of rule, ten to fifteen thousand Jews were murdered in Hungary[4] and around eighty thousand Jews, including many women, children and elderly Jews, were deported from Hungary to their deaths in the Auschwitz concentration camp.[5]
Hungary splits in two[]
Hungarian officers in Budapest, October 1944.
Arrow Cross members marching in Budapest, October 1944.
Under threat of having his son killed, Miklós Horthy appointed Ferenc Szálasi as Magyar királyi miniszterelnök (Royal Hungarian Prime Minister) on 16 October[6] and was deported afterwards by the Germans. This act merely rubber-stamped an Arrow Cross coup, as Szálasi's men had taken over Budapest the previous night.
The Hungarian parliament approved the formation of a Council of Regency (Kormányzótanács) of three. On 4 November, Szálasi was sworn as Leader of the Nation (nemzetvezető).[7] He formed a government of sixteen ministers, half of which were members of the Arrow Cross Party. While the Horthy regency had come to an end, the Hungarian monarchy was not abolished by the Szálasi regime, as government newspapers kept referring to the country as the Kingdom of Hungary (Magyar Királyság, also abbreviated as m.kir.), although Magyarország (Hungary) was frequently used as an alternative.[8][9]
Szálasi was an ardent fascist and his "Quisling government" had little other intention or ability but to maintain fascism and to maintain control in Nazi-occupied portions of Hungary as the Soviet Union invaded. He did this in order to reduce the threat to Germany. Szálasi's aim was to create a single-party state based on his "Hungarist" ideology. On 21 December 1944, with the approval of the Soviet Union, Béla Miklós was elected as the Prime Minister of a "counter" Hungarian government in Soviet-controlled Debrecen. Miklós was a former commander of the Hungarian First Army. He had failed in his efforts to convince many of the men under his command to switch sides. The government that Miklós oversaw was an "interim government" and maintained control in the Soviet-occupied portions of Hungary.
History[]
Jews being rounded up in Budapest, October 1944.
Upon the total Nazi and Fascist takeover, Hungary faced impending occupation by the Soviet Union. The Red Army was already deep inside the country, effectively limiting the Arrow Cross regime's jurisdiction to an ever-narrowing band of territory around Budapest. Seen in this context, the Arrow Cross regime was short and brutal. In cooperation with the Nazis, Szálasi restarted the deportations of Jews, particularly in Budapest. Thousands more Jews were killed by Arrow Cross members. Of the approximately 800,000 Jews residing within Hungary's expanded borders of 1941, only 200,000 (about 25%) survived the Holocaust.[10] An estimated 28,000 Hungarian Roma were also killed as part of the Porajmos.[11]
Szálasi envisioned a new economic order, which he called the "Corporate order of the Working nation" (Dolgozó Nemzet Hivatás Rendje). Even as Hungary was in chaos, Szálasi refused theoretically to compromise Hungarian sovereignty, trying to retain nominal command of all Hungarian military units, including the local SS units. Ethnic Germans were still not allowed to join the Arrow Cross Party. Szálasi devoted much time to his political writings and to trips in the shrinking territory under his control: many political matters were effectively handled by his Deputy Prime Minister Jenő Szöllősi.[12] At the beginning of December, Szálasi and his government relocated out of Budapest as Soviet troops advanced towards the capital. In a scorched earth strategy, the German armed forces destroyed Hungarian infrastructure as the Soviets closed in.
In December 1944, the Battle of Budapest began. Fascist forces loyal to Szálasi and the badly damaged remnants of the Hungarian First Army fought alongside German forces. They fought against the Red Army to no avail. By 13 February 1945, all of Budapest was under Soviet control.[3] In March 1945, during Operation Spring Awakening (Unternehmen Frühlingserwachen), Fascist Hungarian forces of the Hungarian Third Army fought alongside German forces in the last major offensive in Hungary against the Soviet forces. For ten days the Axis forces made costly gains. However, within twenty-four hours, the Soviet counterattack was able to drive the Germans and Hungarians back to the positions they held before the offensive began.
Between 16 March and 25 March 1945, the remnants of Hungarian Third Army was overrun and virtually destroyed. By the end of March and into April, what remained of the Royal Hungarian Army were put on the defensive during the Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive and were then forced into Slovakia and Austria as Soviet forces occupied all of Hungary. Béla Miklós's government was nominally in control of the whole country. Nazi Germany itself was on the verge of collapse. The Ferenc Szálasi regime, which had fled Hungary, was dissolved on 7 May 1945, a day before Germany's surrender.[13] Szálasi was captured by American troops in Mattsee on 6 May[13] and returned to Hungary, where he was tried for crimes against the state and executed, among with three of his ministers. Most of his ministers also were sentenced to death and executed, except four of them. Béla Jurcsek committed suicide at the end of the war, Árpád Henney fled to Austria. Emil Szakváry was sentenced to life imprisonment, while Vilmos Hellebront was sentenced to death, but the tribunal - before execution - changed his sentence to life imprisonment.
Government members[]
Szálasi (seated, center) and his ministers.
- Ferenc Szálasi, Prime minister and Head of state ("Nation Leader").
- Jenő Szöllősi, Deputy Prime minister.
- Gábor Vajna, Interior minister.
- Gábor Kemény, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
- Lajos Reményi-Schneller, Minister of Finance.
- László Budinszky, Secretary for Justice.
- Károly Beregfy, Minister of Defence.
- Ferenc Rajniss, Minister of Education.
- Fidél Pálffy, Secretary of Agriculture.
- Lajos Szász, Secretary of Commerce and Transportation.
- Emil Szakváry, Secretary of Industry.
- Béla Jurcsek, Secretary of Public Care.
- Emil Kovarcz, Minister without department in charge of the full-scale mobilization and arming of the nation.
- Ferenc Kassai-Schalmayer, Minister without department for national defence and propaganda.
- Vilmos Hellebronth, Minister without department in charge of the continuous oversight of production.
- Árpád Henney, Minister and special delegate to the Nation Leader, in charge of the Nation Leader's task force.
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ (Hungarian) Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya, Szálasi-kormány, nyilas kormány
- ↑ Gosztonyi, Péter (1992) (in Hungarian). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. p. 215. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Policies of Prime Minister Kallay and the German Occupation of Hungary in March 1944
- ↑ Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jews of Hungary:History, Culture, Psychology. 590: Wayne State University Press. pp. 730. ISBN 0-8143-2561-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=LLuPS1yVDf8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22the+jews+of+hungary%22&ei=06nrSeGqEoyENKapuLQB&client=firefox-a#PPA590,M1.
- ↑ Johnston, Chris (2006-02-16). "War Crime Suspect Admits to his Leading Fascist Role". The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/02/15/1139890808344.html. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
- ↑ Gosztonyi, Péter (1992) (in Hungarian). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. p. 205. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
- ↑ Hungary: Notes - archontology.org
- ↑ Budapesti Közlöny, 17 October 1944
- ↑ Hivatalos Közlöny, 27 January 1945
- ↑ Victims of Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Centre.
- ↑ Crowe, David (2000). “The Roma Holocaust,” in Barnard Schwartz and Frederick DeCoste, eds., The Holocaust's Ghost: Writings on Art, Politics, Law and Education. University of Alberta Press. pp. 178–210.
- ↑ Stanley G. Payne, A history of fascism, 1914-1945, Routledge, 1996, page 420
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Gosztonyi, Péter (1992) (in Hungarian). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. pp. 275–276. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
The original article can be found at Government of National Unity (Hungary) and the edit history here.