| Independent Air Force Inter-Allied Independent Air Force from 26 October 1918 | |
|---|---|
| Active | 6 June – 14 November 1918 |
| Allegiance |
 United KingdomAllies of World War I from 26 October 1918 |
| Engagements | World War I |
| Commanders | |
| GOC | Sir Hugh Trenchard |
| Ceremonial chief | Sir Hugh Trenchard |
| GOC | C L Courtney |
The Independent Air Force (IAF), also known as the Independent Force or the Independent Bombing Force and later known as the Inter-Allied Independent Air Force, was a World War I strategic bombing force which was part of the British Royal Air Force and used to strike against German railways, aerodromes and industrial centres without co-ordination with the Army or Navy.
Establishment[]
Through late 1916 and early 1917 the Royal Naval Air Service had attempted a co-ordinated series of bombing raids on German held targets. Whilst the attacks were generally unsuccessful the principle of deep penetration bombing raids against strategic targets was proved.[citation needed] General Jan Smuts, a member of the War Cabinet, prepared a report which recommended that a separate Air Ministry and Air Force should be set up, independent of the Army and Navy, and that a strategic bomber force should be formed whose sole purpose was to attack Germany.
Following the perceived success in bombing Germany of the VIII Brigade, and its antecedent formation the 41st Wing, the British Government decided that it should be expanded into an independent force.[1] Before the creation of the Independent Air Force, the VIII Brigade was under the tactical command of Field Marshal Haig.[2]
After Parliamentary approval in November 1917, the Royal Air Force was born on 1 April 1918, and the forthcoming creation of the Independent Air Force was announced on 13 May 1918 with its General Officer Commanding Major-General Trenchard who had recently stepped down as Chief of the Air Staff. Trenchard had only agreed to serve as GOC after he received criticism for resigning his position as professional head of the RAF during a time of war.[3] The deputy commander was Brigadier-General Cyril Newall who had previously been the commander of the VIII Brigade.[4]
The Independent Air Force came into being on 6 June 1918 with its headquarters situated near Nancy in France. Trenchard took over tactical command of the VIII Brigade from Haig on 5 June 1918 and complete control on 15 June 1918 when Newall became the deputy commander of the Independent Force.[2] As commander, Trenchard reported directly to Sir William Weir the British Air Minister, thus bypassing the then Chief of the Air Staff Frederick Sykes.[5]
Composition[]
The Independent Air Force eventually consisted of nine squadrons of aircraft which were equipped with:[6]
- de Havilland DH4s
- de Havilland DH9s and de Havilland DH.9As
- Handley Page 0/400s
- Royal Aircraft Factory FE2bs
- Sopwith Camels for escort duties
In effect, No 41 Wing was split into two wings to form VIII Brigade and comprised Nos 55, 99 and 104 Squadrons responsible for day-bombing, with the 83rd Wing consisted of two night-bombing Squadrons, (No 100 and No 216.) Additional squadrons were added to the IAF before the Armistice; Nos 97, 115 and 215 Squadrons (equipped with the new Handley-Page 0/400 bomber) and No 110 Squadron with the DH-9A operational through the summer of 1918.
Actions[]
The IAF commenced operations in June 1918 when 12 DH4s of No 55 Squadron were despatched to bomb targets around Coblenz and 11 DH4s of No 99 Squadron attacked rail targets at Thionville. During the last five months of World War I, Independent Air Force aircraft dropped a total of 550 tons of bombs (for 109 aircraft lost) including 390 tons of bombs dropped by night.[6] Over 220 tons were dropped on German aerodromes, which Trenchard justified by pointing out that while the Germans were stronger than the British in the air, their aircraft might be destroyed on the ground. Trenchard argued that his policy was vindicated by the fact the during the period 5 June to ll November 1918, German attacks on British aerodromes were minimal and no British aircraft were destroyed on the ground by bombing.[7]
In addition to the bombing of aerodromes, the Independent Forces attacked, amongst others, the following targets:[7][8][9]
- Baalon
- Baden
- The Black Forest
- Bonn
- Cologne
- Coblenz
- Darmstadt
- Duren
- Dillingendisambiguation needed
- Frankfurt
- Forbach
- Hagendingen
- Heidelberg
- Hagenau
- Kaiserlautern
- Karthaus
- Karlsruhe
- Ludwigshafen
- Landau
- Mainz
- Mannheim
- Lahr
- Lumes
- Luxembourg
- Oberndorfdisambiguation needed
- Offenburg
- Pforzheim
- Pirmasens
- Rastatt
- Rombas
- Rottweil
- Sollingen
- Saarburg
- Saarbrücken
- Stuttgart
- Treves
- Wiesbaden
- Worms
- Völklingen
- Wadgassen
- Zweibrücken
A considerable portion of the Independent Air Force’s efforts was in tactical support of the Allied armies,[10] and the war ended before the IAF could conduct any sustained strategic bombing. Thus The Independent Force achieved little material effect on the German war industries, in return for heavy losses in men and machines.[10]
Inter-Allied Independent Air Force[]
Just before the end of the War, on 26 October 1918, the Independent Air Force was re-designated the Inter-Allied Independent Air Force. This force comprised British, French, Italian and American squadrons. Trenchard remained the commander-in-chief but he now came under the command of Marshal Foch who was the supreme commander of Allied forces. On the 14 November, the Inter-Allied Independent Air Force was dissolved and its British squadrons (still titled as the Independent Air Force) were assigned to John Salmond, the commander of the RAF in the field. Brigadier-General Christopher Courtney succeeded Trenchard as commander of the Independent Air Force.[11] The Independent Air Force was disbanded in late 1918 or early 1919.[12]
References[]
Notes[]
- ↑ Taylor, John; Moyes, P J R (1968). Pictorial History of the RAF. Shepperton, Surrey, England: Ian Allan Ltd. pp. 16, 17.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "No. 31101". 31 December 1918. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31101/page/
- ↑ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36552?docPos=2
- ↑ http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Newall.htm
- ↑ http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:b1N-aUpDBY4J:https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/q_mod_be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153/q_act_downloadpaper/q_obj_8a72589a-4dd7-4177-85ce-d0d176a9ee40/display.aspx%3Frs%3Denginespage+capper+dgma&hl=en&gl=uk
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 British Military Aviation in 1918 - Part 2 RAF Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2008
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "No. 31101". 31 December 1918. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31101/page/
- ↑ "No. 31101". 31 December 1918. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31101/page/
- ↑ Moyes 1976, p. 315.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Moyes 1976, p. 316.
- ↑ Richards, Denis (May 2008). "Courtney, Sir Christopher Lloyd". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30975. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ↑ http://www.rafweb.org/Cmd_O1.htm
Bibliography[]
- Morris, Alan First of the many - The story of Independent Force, RAF. Jarrolds, 1968
- Moyes, Philip J.R. Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 2nd edition 1976. ISBN 0-354-01027-1.
The original article can be found at Independent Air Force and the edit history here.