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Type 23 frigate

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Type 23 frigate
HMS Sutherland (F81) MoD
HMS Sutherland (F81)
Class overview
Name: Type 23 frigate
Builders: Yarrow Shipbuilders and Swan Hunter
Operators: Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom Royal Navy
Flag of Chile Chilean Navy
Preceded by: Type 22 frigate
Condell class frigate
Succeeded by:
Cost: £130M per ship
In commission: 24 November 1987
Planned: 16
Completed: 16
Active: 13 Royal Navy , 3 Chilean Navy
Retired: 1
General characteristics
Class & type: Frigate
Displacement: 4,900 t (4,800 long tons; 5,400 short tons)[1]
Length: 133 m (436 ft 4 in)
Beam: 16.1 m (52 ft 10 in)
Draught: 7.3 m (23 ft 9 in)
Propulsion:

CODLAG:

  • Four 1510 kW (2,025 shp) Paxman Valenta 12CM diesel generators
  • Two GEC electric motors delivering 2980kW (4000 shp)
  • Two Rolls-Royce Spey SM1C delivering 23,190 kW (31,100 shp)
Speed: In excess of 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) (HMS Sutherland achieved 34.4 knots during high-speed trials in November of 2008)
Range: 7,500 nautical miles (14,000 km) at 15 kn (28 km/h)
Complement: 185 (accommodation for up to 205)
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
  • 4 x 6-barrel Seagnat decoy launchers
  • DFL2/3 offboard decoys
Armament:
  • Anti-air missiles:
  • Anti-ship missiles:
  • Anti-submarine torpedoes:
  • Guns:
    • Aircraft carried:

    1 × Lynx HMA8, armed with;

    • 4 × Sea Skua anti ship missiles, or
    • 2 × anti submarine torpedoes

    or
    1 × Westland Merlin HM1, armed with;

    • 4 × anti submarine torpedoes
    Aviation facilities:
  • Flight deck
  • Enclosed hangar

    • The Type 23 frigate or Duke class is a class of frigates built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The ships are named after British Dukes, thus leading to the class being commonly known as the Duke class. The first Type 23, HMS Norfolk, was commissioned in 1989, and the sixteenth, HMS St Albans was commissioned in June 2002. They form the core of the Royal Navy's destroyer and frigate fleet and serve alongside the Type 45 destroyers. They were designed for anti-submarine warfare, but have been used for a range of uses.[2] Twelve Type 23 frigates remain in service with the Royal Navy, with three vessels having been sold to the Chilean Navy, and one being retired in 2021.

    The Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates will be replaced by the Type 26 Global Combat Ship and the Type 31 frigate.[3] As of 2021 it is anticipated that HMS St Albans will be the last to retire from the Royal Navy, in 2035.[4][5]

    Development[]

    When first conceived in the late 1970s, the Type 23 was intended to be a light anti-submarine frigate with a towed array sonar to counter Soviet nuclear submarines operating in the North Atlantic. The Type 23 would be replacing the Leander-class frigates (which had entered service in the 1960s) and the Type 21 frigate (a general purpose design that had recently entered service) as the backbone of the Royal Navy's surface ship anti-submarine force. The procurement of the class was announced in the 1981 Defence White Paper as "simpler and cheaper than the Type 22 [with] its characteristics... framed with an eye to the export market as well as Royal Navy needs."[6]

    HMS Richmond MOD 45155880

    Overhead view of HMS Richmond in August 2013

    The ship was designed by the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors, in close partnership with the prime contractor, Yarrow Shipbuilders.[7] No anti-air warfare system was planned, however the lessons learned during the Falklands War led to the introduction of the vertically launched Sea Wolf missile; In June 1984 BAe Dynamics was awarded a development contract for the missile system.[8][9] Unlike conventional Sea Wolf, the missile is boosted vertically until it clears the ship's superstructure, and then turns to fly directly to the target. Consequently, the ship's structure does not impose no-fire directions that would delay or inhibit missile firing in a conventionally launched system. With the addition of Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles and a medium calibre gun for naval gunfire support, the Type 23 had evolved into a more complex and balanced vessel optimised for general warfare, which introduced a host of new technologies and concepts to the Royal Navy. These included extensive radar cross-section reduction design measures, automation to substantially reduce crew size, a combined diesel-electric and gas (CODLAG) propulsion system providing very quiet running for anti-submarine operations and a large range.[10]

    In December 1986 the procurement of a Ferranti command and control system was cancelled as the specification was deemed to be insufficient to meet the demands of a modern warship, particularly the processing demands of the towed sonar array. Dowty-Sema won a contract for a replacement command and control system in August 1989, however the delay meant early Type 23s entered service without the capability to use the Sea Wolf missile system in combat.[11][12]

    It was reported in 1998 to the House of Commons that: "Type 23 frigates achieved approximately 85–89 per cent average availability for operational service in each of the last five years with the exception of 1996 when the figure dropped to just over 80 per cent due to a number of ships experiencing a particular defect. This discounts time spent in planned maintenance."[13]

    Unlike the Type 45 destroyer, the "Type 23 frigate does not have the capability or configuration to act as flagship and is not tasked in this way."[14]

    Programme costs[]

    Prior to the Falklands War the cost of the Type 23 frigates was estimated at £75 million each (September 1980 prices)[15] Changes following the experiences in the Falklands, including improved damage control and fire precautions,[16] led to an increased cost estimated at £110 million (1984–85 prices)[15] By 2001, the Ministry of Defence said the cost of HMS Norfolk was £135.449 million and the remaining ships would have a final cost between £60 million and £96 million each. The Ministry of Defence said in 1998 that the Merlin ASW helicopter was costing them £97M each (this was for an order for 44 airframes), and that this was 57% of the cost of Type 23.[17] From this it can be calculated that the cost of Type 23 was £170.1M each. The Government's declared policy for construction contracts for Type 23 was "...competition, the aim being to secure best value for money for the defence budget." while maintaining "sufficient warship-building capacity to meet likely future defence requirements and a competitive base"[18]

    HMS Norfolk was the first of the class to enter service, commissioned into the Fleet on 1 June 1990 at a cost of £135.449 million GBP, later vessels cost £60–96 million GBP.[19]

    Upgrades and future technologies[]

    Propeller, National Maritime Museum

    The Type 23's propeller is specially designed to reduce underwater noise during anti-submarine operations.

    HMS Argyll Type 997 Radar MOD 45156530

    Type 997 Artisan 3D radar on HMS Argyll following her 2010 refit

    Mid-life refit[]

    The class underwent[when?] mid-life refits which lasted 12–18 months and cost £15-20m. Aside from refurbishment of the mess decks and drive train, the ships are being fitted with a transom flap which can add up to one knot (1.9 km/h; 1.2 mph) to the top speed[20] and reduce fuel consumption by 13%, and Intersleek anti-fouling paint which added two knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) to the top speed of Ark Royal.[21] Although the top speed of the Duke class is commonly quoted as 28 knots, the caption of an official Navy photo suggests that Lancaster was capable of 32 knots even before her mid-life refit.[22][23] The Sea Wolf Mid Life Update (SWMLU) improves the sensors and guidance of the missiles, point defences are further improved with new remotely operated 30 mm guns, and Mod 1 of the Mk8 main gun has an all-electric loading system and a smaller radar cross-section. The communications and command systems are also upgraded.

    A further Life Extension (LIFEX) Upkeep project saw the Sea Wolf missiles replaced with the new Sea Ceptor anti-air defence missiles;[24] these were first test-fired from HMS Argyll on 4 September 2017.[25]

    Sonar 2087[]

    Further information: Sonar 2087

    Sonar 2087 is described by its manufacturer as "a towed-array system that enables Type 23 frigates to hunt the latest submarines at considerable distances and locate them beyond the range at which they [submarines] can launch an attack."[26] Sonar 2087 was fitted to eight Type 23 frigates in mid-life refits between 2004 and 2012; the five oldest Type 23 frigates, HMS Montrose, Monmouth, Iron Duke, Lancaster and Argyll are not scheduled to receive Sonar 2087. These ships will instead continue to be employed across the normal range of standing Royal Navy deployments. The Chilean Navy is procuring a number of Sonar 2087 towed arrays from Thales Underwater Systems to equip its multipurpose frigates.[27]

    Artisan 3D radar[]

    Main article: Type 997 Artisan radar

    The Type 23's original medium-range radar was replaced by BAE Systems Type 997 Artisan 3D radar; the project was worth £100 million and the contract was announced on 4 August 2008.[28] It is a medium-range radar designed to be capable of operating effectively in littoral zones and improving air-defence, anti-surface (anti-ship) and air traffic management capabilities of the Type 23 frigates. The radar is also designed to combat complex jammers.[29] HMS Iron Duke was the first Type 23 frigate to receive the Artisan radar during her refit in 2012–13.[30]

    It is claimed the radar is five times more capable than the Type 996 radar it replaces.[31][32]

    Common Anti-Air Modular Missile[]

    Further information: CAMM (missile family)

    CAMM(M), the maritime variant of the Common Anti-Air Modular Missile, started to replace the Sea Wolf missiles on the Type 23 frigates from 2016. CAMM(M) has a longer range of 1–25+ km compared to the 1–10 km offered by the Sea Wolf missile. An option exists to give the missile a surface-attack capability, though it is currently understood the Royal Navy will not take that option, because of cost.[33] Like Sea Wolf, CAMM(M) will be VLS launched; however due to its design, CAMM(M) can be packed much more tightly into the VLS, with up to four CAMM(M) fitting into the space occupied by one Sea Wolf missile.[34] CAMM(M) is known as Sea Ceptor in Royal Navy service.

    Martlet Lightweight Multirole Missile[]

    On an unspecified date in early 2019, HMS Sutherland tested a modified mounting for the 30mm cannon which incorporated a launcher for five 'Martlet' Lightweight Multirole Missiles, by firing four of them at a small speedboat target at the Aberporth range in Wales. The concept of mounting the missile alongside the 30mm Bushmaster cannon was tested just 5 months after the idea's conception.

    The intended role of the Martlet is to further extend the Type 23's capabilities against small, fast moving targets beyond the current 30mm, GPMG and Minigun options to provide a long range 'stand-off' ability. It is not yet clear whether the Royal Navy intends to equip any more Type 23s with the system.[35]

    Anti-ship missile[]

    In March 2019, a study was commenced for an interim replacement for the ageing Harpoon anti-ship missiles, until completion of the Anglo-French Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon (FC/ASW) programme, scheduled to enter service in the 2030s.[36][37][38] The interim replacement missile was originally planned to be fitted to five of the newer Type 23 frigates.[4] In November 2021, then First Sea Lord, Admiral Tony Radakin, told the House of Commons Select Defence Committee that the program "had been paused" and seemed likely to be cancelled.[39] In February 2022, the project was stated as having been cancelled.[40] However, in July 2022 the Defence Secretary confirmed to the Select Defence Committee that the program had been restarted and was "in negotiation now".[41] In November 2022, it was announced that the Royal Navy would receive the Naval Strike Missile (NSM), which will be fitted to a total of 11 vessels, both Type 23 frigates and Type 45 destroyers.[42][43]

    In 2021, it was reported that only two frigates, Montrose and Kent, were deployed with a full load of eight Harpoon canisters per ship.[4] In August 2022, it was reported that in preparation for her planned deployment to the Persian Gulf to replace HMS Montrose, HMS Lancaster had also been fitted with a full complement of eight Harpoon anti-ship missiles.[44]

    Weapons, countermeasures, capabilities and sensors[]

    Sea Wolf Missile Firing MOD 45155929

    HMS Montrose firing a Sea Wolf missile

    US Navy 020612-N-9407M-518 British frigate HMS Richmond (F-239) launches an AGM-84A ^ldquo,Harpoon^rdquo, missile

    HMS Richmond firing a Harpoon anti-ship missile

    A 4

    HMS Northumberland fires her 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun

    Anti-air warfare[]

    • Type 997 Artisan 3D radar installed/being installed on 12 of 13 vessels replacing previous Type 996 Mod 1, 3D surveillance and target indication radar.
    • 12 of 13 Royal Navy frigates (plus the Chilean vessels) are being upgraded with 32-cell Sea Ceptor GWS.35 VLS canisters[45] (range of over 25 kilometres, 16 mi) as replacement for the previous Sea Wolf SAM. HMS Argyll was the first ship to receive Sea Ceptor, completing refit in February 2017.[46] As of 2021 in addition to Argyll, Westminster, Montrose, Northumberland, Kent, Lancaster, Richmond and Portland have all received Sea Ceptor systems. Somerset returned to service with Sea Ceptor in March 2022,[47] while the refits of Iron Duke and St Albans are underway. Sutherland is the final frigate to receive the upgrade which began in April 2021.[48][49] The 2021 defence white paper announced that Monmouth will not receive the upgrade and, together with Montrose, would be retired early.[50] Monmouth was formally withdrawn from service in June 2021.

    Anti-ship warfare (missiles)[]

    Anti-submarine warfare[]

    • A Thales Underwater Systems Type 2050 bow sonar scheduled to be replaced by an Ultra Electronics Type 2150 next generation ASW bow sonar in due course.[citation needed]
    • An Ultra Electronics Type 2031Z towed sonar on five of the Type 23 frigates – no longer in RN service.
    • A Type 2087 towed sonar on eight of the Type 23 frigates.
    • 2× twin 12.75 in (324 mm) magazine launched torpedo tubes built by SEA Ltd for anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes. The tubes are magazine reloaded.
    • Up to one embarked Agusta Westland AW159 Wildcat or one AgustaWestland EH101 Merlin helicopter can be equipped with 2-4× anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes respectively. An embarked Merlin HM2 helicopter is equipped with its own dipping sonar, sonobuoys and radars; For submarine targets, Wildcat relies on the ship's sensors.[53]

    Guns[]

    Countermeasures[]

    • The Seagnat decoy system allows for the seduction and distraction of radar guided weapons, through active and passive means.
    • Type 182 towed torpedo decoys.
    • Type 2070 towed torpedo decoy system.
    • Thales defence Scorpion Electronic Counter Measures/UAF-1 ESM Jammer. Used to confuse or block enemy radar making the Type 23 frigate harder to detect and or locked onto by enemy radar/sonar guided weapons.

    Electronic systems[]

    • Navigation: Kelvin Hughes Radar Type 1007 and Racal Decca Type 1008.
    • fire-control system: Sperry Sea Archer 30 optronic surveillance/director'
    • Combat Management System: BAE Systems Command System DNA(2)'[54]

    Additional capabilities[]

    • The Type 23 frigates have sufficient space to embark a small detachment of Royal Marines and their equipment.

    Ships[]

    HMS Westminster moored at South Quay

    HMS Westminster moored at South Quay in London

    Although the Type 23 is officially the "Duke" class, and includes such famous names as HMS Iron Duke (which had been the name of the battleship HMS Iron Duke, Admiral Jellicoe's flagship at the Battle of Jutland), five of the names had previously been used on classes known as the "County class": Kent and Norfolk were names given both to 1960s guided-missile destroyers and Second World War-era County-class heavy cruisers, while Monmouth, Lancaster, Kent and Argyll revived names carried by First World War-era Monmouth-class armoured cruisers. This use of Ducal and County names broke a tradition of alphabetical names for escort ships which had run in two – not unbroken – cycles from the L-class destroyers of 1913 to the Daring-class destroyers of 1950; this progression was revived with the Amazon-class Type 21 frigates of 1972–1975, and continued with B and C names for most of the Type 22 frigates of 1976–1989. However, the D names have since been used for the new Type 45 Daring-class destroyers.

    On 21 July 2004, in the Delivering Security in a Changing World review of defence spending, Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon announced that Norfolk, Marlborough and Grafton were to be paid off. In 2005 it was announced that these three vessels would be sold to the Chilean Navy, to be delivered in 2008. In September 2005 BAE Systems was awarded a £134 million GBP contract to prepare the frigates for transfer. ex-Marlborough, ex-Norfolk and ex-Grafton were sold to Chile for a total of £134 million. The letter of intent for purchase was signed in December 2004, followed by a formal contract on 7 September 2005.[55] ex-Norfolk was handed over by the Defence Logistics Organisation and BAE Systems and commissioned into the Chilean Navy on 22 November 2006, and named Almirante Cochrane (FF-05) (after Lord Cochrane, a naval hero to both the British and Chileans). Ex-Grafton was delivered to Chilean Navy on 28 March 2007 at Portsmouth and renamed Almirante Lynch (FF-07). Ex-Marlborough was delivered to Chilean Navy on 28 May 2008 at Portsmouth and renamed Almirante Condell (FF-06).[citation needed] As of 2021, these three ships remain in service with the Chilean Navy and were upgraded by Lockheed Martin Canada by the local ASMAR shipbuilding company.[56]

    The four oldest ships in Royal Navy service are classified as General Purpose ships, and are primarily homeported at Portsmouth. The remainder are equipped with the Type 2087 Towed Array Sonar, and are primarily tasked with the anti-submarine warfare mission. These eight ships are based primarily at Devonport.[57] The Type 23 ships in the Royal Navy are due to be replaced in service by the Type 26 ASW and Type 31 general purpose frigates.[58] The 2021 defence white paper indicated that both Montrose and Monmouth would be withdrawn early. Monmouth, having had the planned life-extension refit cancelled, and been laid up since 2018, was withdrawn from service in June 2021.[50] Thereafter, the oldest remaining Type 23, HMS Argyll, had been due to be decommissioned in 2023, with approximately one ship per year decommissioned after that.[49] However, in 2021 in a written answer provided to the House of Commons Select Defence Committee, the First Sea Lord, Admiral Tony Radakin, suggested that older frigates of the class would be retained in service longer than anticipated in order to ensure that escort numbers did not fall below 17 ships (6 destroyers and 11 frigates) and start to rise above 19 escorts beginning in 2026. If confirmed, this would mean that the older Type 23 frigates, such as Argyll, would have their anticipated service lives extended significantly.[59]

    Name Pennant No. Type Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Mid-life upgrade Status
    Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom Royal Navy
    Norfolk F230 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 December 1985[60] 10 July 1987[60] 1 June 1990[60] N/A Decommissioned 2005; to Chile as Almirante Cochrane
    Marlborough F233 Swan Hunter, Wallsend 22 October 1987[60] 21 January 1989[60] 14 June 1991[60] N/A Decommissioned 2005; to Chile as Almirante Condell
    Argyll F231 GP Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 20 March 1987[60] 8 April 1989[60] 31 May 1991[60] Jun 2015 to Feb 2017[49] In active service[61]
    Lancaster F229 GP Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 18 December 1987[60] 24 May 1990[60] 1 May 1992[62] March 2017 – December 2019[49] In active service[61]
    Iron Duke F234 GP Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 12 December 1988[60] 2 March 1991[60] 20 May 1993[60] From January 2019[49] In active service[61]
    Monmouth F235 GP Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 1 June 1989[60] 23 November 1991[60] 24 September 1993[60] N/A Decommissioned 30 June 2021;[49] awaiting disposal
    Montrose F236 GP Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 1 November 1989[60] 31 July 1992[60] 2 June 1994[62] October 2014 – July 2017[49] In active service[61]
    Westminster F237 ASW Swan Hunter, Wallsend 18 January 1991[60] 4 February 1992[62] 13 May 1994[60] November 2014 – January 2017[49] In active service[61]
    Northumberland F238 ASW Swan Hunter, Wallsend 4 April 1991[60] 4 April 1992[60] 29 November 1994[62] May 2016 – May 2018[49] In active service[61]
    Richmond F239 ASW Swan Hunter, Wallsend 16 February 1992[62] 6 April 1993[60] 22 June 1995[62] August 2017 – February 2020[49] In active service[61]
    Somerset F82 ASW Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 12 October 1992[60] 25 June 1994[60] 20 September 1996[62] From November 2018[49] In active service[63]
    Grafton F80 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 13 May 1993[60] 5 November 1994[60] 29 May 1997[60] N/A Decommissioned 2006; to Chile as Almirante Lynch
    Sutherland F81 ASW Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 October 1993[60] 9 March 1996[60] 4 July 1997[62] From December 2020[49] In active service[61]
    Kent F78 ASW Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 16 April 1997[62] 27 May 1998[62] 8 June 2000[62] January 2017 – August 2018[49] In active service[61]
    Portland F79 ASW Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 January 1998[62] 15 May 1999[62] 3 May 2001[62] February 2018 – March 2021[49] In active service[61]
    St Albans F83 ASW Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 18 April 1999[62] 6 May 2000[62] 6 June 2002[62] From July 2019[49] In active service[61]
    Flag of Chile Chilean Navy
    Almirante Cochrane FF05 ASW Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 December 1985[60] 10 July 1987[60] 22 November 2006 March 2018 to November 2019[64] In active service
    Almirante Condell FF06 ASW Swan Hunter, Wallsend 22 October 1987[60] 21 January 1989[60] 28 May 2008 September 2020 to October 2021[64] In active service
    Almirante Lynch FF07 ASW Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 13 May 1993[60] 5 November 1994[60] 28 March 2007 June 2019 to December 2020[64] In active service

    In fiction[]

    • HMS Westminster was used for the Type 23 interior shots in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies in three different roles as HMS Chester, HMS Devonshire and HMS Bedford. For the exterior shots a Type 23 model was constructed.
    • The ITV series Making Waves was set aboard the Type 23 frigate HMS Suffolk (which was portrayed by HMS Grafton).
    • HMS Montrose and HMS Monmouth were used to portray the interior and exterior shots of the fictional HMS Monarch for the film Command Approved[65] which is the centre piece of Action Stations at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, Portsmouth, England.
    • The fictional HMS Beaufort is the centrepiece of British author Mike Lunnon-Wood's novel King's Shilling. In it, HMS Beaufort is tasked to evacuate the British embassy and citizens in the Liberian capital Monrovia during the 1990s civil war.
    • The TNT series The Last Ship featured a Chilean Duke-class frigate in the fourth episode of its fifth season, charging an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer and landing a hit with one of four Sea Wolf missiles.

    See also[]

    References[]

    1. ↑ Royal Navy - Frigates
    2. ↑ "Mission Systems provides the Royal Navy's Type 23 Frigates with combat management systems and radar". http://www.baesystems.com/Businesses/MISSIONSYSTEMS/ProductsandServices/Programmes/type23/index.htm. 
    3. ↑ "Royal Navy Future Ships: Type 26 Global Combat Ship". https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/the-equipment/ships/future-ships/type-26-frigate. 
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Contenders for the Royal Navy's interim anti-ship missile requirement". August 26, 2021. https://www.navylookout.com/contenders-for-the-royal-navys-interim-anti-ship-missile-requirement/. 
    5. ↑ "Navy unveils latest design of future frigate". 20 August 2012. https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/September/24/120820-Future-Type-26. 
    6. ↑ "The United Kingdom Defence Programme: The Way Forward". https://c59574e9047e61130f13-3f71d0fe2b653c4f00f32175760e96e7.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/991284B4011C44C9AEB423DA04A7D54B.pdf. 
    7. ↑ Fishlock, David (13 May 1983). "Last ditch attempt to sink the frigates". Financial Times. 
    8. ↑ McLain, Lynton (10 July 1987). "Design Changes Add £90M To Cost Of Frigate". Financial Times. 
    9. ↑ Donne, Michael (9 June 1984). "BAe wins MoD contract to develop Seawolf missile". Financial Times. 
    10. ↑ Grove, Eric (September 1987). "The Royal Navy Sails Into Tomorrow". Defense & Foreign Affairs. 
    11. ↑ Cane, Alan; White, David (10 August 1989). "MoD Order With Dowty-Sema Is Blow To Ferranti". Financial Times. 
    12. ↑ White, David (3 January 1990). "A beauty waiting for a new brain". Financial Times. 
    13. ↑ "Type 23 Frigates" House of Commons col. 195–196 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980210/text/80210w23.htm 
    14. ↑ "Frigates" House of Commons col. 511W https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm110317/text/110317w0001.htm 
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Written Answers: Type 23 Frigates" House of Commons col. 561W http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1985/jan/11/type-23-frigates 
    16. ↑ "Defence Estimates" House of Commons col. 261 http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1983/jul/19/defence-estimates#S6CV0046P0-01139 
    17. ↑ "At Hebburn". Maritime Books. 18 February 1998. p. 13. "This figure of £97 million each included research and development costs." 
    18. ↑ "Written Answers: Frigates" House of Commons col. 334W http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1989/nov/02/frigates 
    19. ↑ "Written Answers: Type 23 Frigates" House of Commons col. 246W https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo010705/text/10705w05.htm 
    20. ↑ "A Forth for Good". September 2008. p. 6. http://publishing.yudu.com/Anav2/NavyNewsSept08/resources/6.htm?skipFlashCheck=true. 
    21. ↑ "The Royal Navy's Fleet". Royal Navy. 2010. p. 52. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Reference-Library/~/media/Files/Navy-PDFs/News-and-Events/Naval%20Publications/royal_navy_matters2010.pdf. 
    22. ↑ "Duke class Type 23 Frigate F229 HMS Lancaster steaming at 32 knots". 12 September 1999. http://www.defenceimagery.mod.uk/fotoweb/archives/5046-All%20News%20-%20Stock/Archive/Archive/Royal%20Navy/45139/45139105.jpg. 
    23. ↑ "HMS Sutherland – More About The Ship". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Frigates-and-Destroyers/Type-23-Frigates/HMS-Sutherland/Sutherland-Info. 
    24. ↑ "HMS Argyll upkeep marks start of Type 23 life extension". 16 June 2015. http://www.adsadvance.co.uk/hms-argyll-upkeep-marks-start-of-type-23-life-extension.html. 
    25. ↑ "New missiles tested off Scottish coast". 4 September 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-scotland-41151136/new-missiles-tested-off-scottish-coast. 
    26. ↑ Thales Group (13 July 2010). "HMS Sutherland's Sonar Impresses on First Major Test". https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2010/07/mil-100713-thales01.htm. 
    27. ↑ "Written Answers: Type 23 Frigates (Sonar 2087)". 17 July 2006. https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2006-07-17d.85382.h. 
    28. ↑ "Navy to Get New Radar". 4 August 2008. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.13459/changeNav/6568. 
    29. ↑ "Artisan 3D Radar". http://www.baesystems.com/Sites/SAS/ProductServices/MaritimeC4I/ArtisanRadar/index.htm. 
    30. ↑ "New Royal Navy Type 997 radar is put through its paces on the Isle of Wight". 13 September 2011. http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_111813102928.html. 
    31. ↑ "Navy's new Type 23 frigate radar 'five times more efficient'". 6 March 2013. http://www.theengineer.co.uk/military-and-defence/news/navys-new-type-23-frigate-radar-five-times-more-efficient/1015689.article. 
    32. ↑ "Iron Duke Back at Sea After Major Upgrade". 26 June 2013. http://www.defencetalk.com/iron-duke-back-at-sea-after-major-upgrade-48237/. 
    33. ↑ "Press Information – Common Anti-air Modular Missile". June 2011. http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/CAMM-family_background.pdf. 
    34. ↑ Sweetman, Bill (23 May 2011). "CAMM on Path To Replace Seawolf". http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3A1718c0a6-bc66-4b43-b2fd-4836fc144228. 
    35. ↑ "Navy's new anti-ship missile bang on target | Royal Navy" (in en). https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2019/july/16/190716-navys-new-anti-ship-missile. 
    36. ↑ Vavasseur, Xavier (13 April 2021). "IAI and Thales Join Forces to Offer Sea Serpent Anti-ship missile to Royal Navy". Naval News. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/04/iai-and-thales-join-forces-to-offer-sea-serpent-anti-ship-missile-to-the-royal-navy/. 
    37. ↑ Hughes, Robin; Scott, Richard (14 April 2021). "IAI, Thales Team Up To Offer Sea Serpent Anti-Ship Missile for UK I-SSGW Requirement". Jane's Information Group. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/iai-thales-team-up-to-offer-sea-serpent-anti-ship-missile-for-uk-i-ssgw-requirement. 
    38. ↑ Eshel, Tamir (13 April 2021). "IAI, Thales Offer Sea Serpent Missiles to Replace the Harpoon on the Royal Navy Frigates". Defense Update. https://defense-update.com/20210413_i-ssgw.html. 
    39. ↑ "Royal Navy rows back on plans to acquire new anti-ship missiles before 2030s". Navy Lookout. 4 November 2021. https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navy-rows-back-on-plans-to-acquire-new-anti-ship-missiles-before-2030s/. 
    40. ↑ Scott, Richard (16 February 2022). "UK confirms cancellation of I-SSGW programme". Janes Information Services. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/uk-confirms-cancellation-of-i-ssgw-programme. 
    41. ↑ "Royal Navy changes course on interim anti-ship missile for a second time | Navy Lookout" (in en-GB). 2022-07-06. https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navy-changes-course-on-interim-anti-ship-missile-for-a-second-time/. 
    42. ↑ "Norwegian Naval Strike Missiles to the British Royal Navy". 23 November 2022. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/den-britiske-marinen-tar-i-bruk-norske-sjomalsmissiler/id2948032/. 
    43. ↑ "UNITED KINGDOM'S ROYAL NAVY SELECTS KONGSBERG'S NAVAL STRIKE MISSILE". 23 November 2022. https://www.kongsberg.com/kda/news/news-archive/2022/the-british-royal-navy-selects-kongsbergs--naval-strike-missile/. 
    44. ↑ NavyLookout (3 August 2022). "@HMSLANCASTER off the UHAF yesterday after receiving a full outfit of Harpoon missiles ahead of her eventual deployment to the Gulf.". https://twitter.com/NavyLookout/status/1554720023884750848. 
    45. ↑ Peruzzi, Luca. "Royal Navy unveiled Sea Ceptor and launched first user group at DSEI 2017". European Defence Review. https://www.edrmagazine.eu/royal-navy-unveiled-sea-ceptor-and-launched-first-user-group-at-dsei-2017. 
    46. ↑ "Progress on extending the life of the Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates". Navy Lookout. 31 January 2019. https://www.navylookout.com/progress-on-extending-the-life-of-the-royal-navys-type-23-frigates/. 
    47. ↑ "Frigate HMS Somerset returns to sea after four years following massive revamp". Royal Navy. 25 March 2022. https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2022/march/25/20220325-frigate-hms-somerset-returns-to-sea-after-four-years-following-massive-revamp. 
    48. ↑ Allison, George (28 March 2021). "British frigate returns to sea after four years". UK Defence Journal. https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/british-frigate-returns-to-sea-after-four-years/. 
    49. ↑ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 49.10 49.11 49.12 49.13 49.14 "Progress report – extending the life of Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates". Navy Lookout. 4 November 2020. https://www.navylookout.com/progress-report-extending-the-life-of-royal-navys-type-23-frigates/. 
    50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Allison, George (22 March 2021). "Two frigates to be scrapped early". UK Defence Journal. https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/two-frigates-to-be-scrapped-early/. 
    51. ↑ "Royal Navy warships to receive Harpoon replacement from next year". 22 November 2022. https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2022/november/22/20221122-royal-navy-warships-to-receive-harpoon-replacement-from-next-year. 
    52. ↑ Scott, Richard (24 May 2021). "RN Wildcats field new anti-surface guided weapons for CSG21". Janes. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/rn-wildcats-field-new-anti-surface-guided-weapons-for-csg21. 
    53. ↑ "In focus: the Wildcat multi role helicopter in service with the Royal Navy". Navy Lookout. 4 February 2019. https://www.savetheroyalnavy.org/in-focus-the-wildcat-multi-role-helicopter-in-service-with-the-royal-navy/. 
    54. ↑ Page, Lewis (5 January 2009). "Windows for Warships™ reaches Royal Navy frigates". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/05/windows_for_warships_hits_type_23s/. 
    55. ↑ Saunders, Stephen, ed (2008). Jane's Fighting Ships 2008–2009. Jane's Information Group. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7106-2845-9. 
    56. ↑ Scott, Richard (6 January 2021). "Work continues on Chilean Type 23 frigate upgrade programme" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/work-continues-on-chilean-type-23-frigate-upgrade-programme. 
    57. ↑ "Defence Secretary announces Type 23 base port moves". 24 November 2017. https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2017/november/24/171124-defence-secretary-announces-type-23-base-port-moves. 
    58. ↑ Charlie, Lima (5 September 2018). "The Dilemma Behind The Navy's Type 26 And Type 31 Frigates". https://www.forces.net/stories/comment-dilemma-behind-navys-type-26-and-type-31-frigates. 
    59. ↑ Allison, George (24 November 2021). "Royal Navy escort fleet to 'return above 19' warships by 2026". UK Defence Journal. https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/royal-navy-escort-fleet-to-return-above-19-warships-by-2026/. 
    60. ↑ 60.00 60.01 60.02 60.03 60.04 60.05 60.06 60.07 60.08 60.09 60.10 60.11 60.12 60.13 60.14 60.15 60.16 60.17 60.18 60.19 60.20 60.21 60.22 60.23 60.24 60.25 60.26 60.27 60.28 60.29 60.30 60.31 60.32 60.33 60.34 60.35 60.36 Gardiner, Robert, ed (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Conway Maritime Press. p. 525. ISBN 0-85177-605-1. https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00gard. 
    61. ↑ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 "Written question: Type 23 Frigates" House of Commons http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2016-02-23/28004/ 
    62. ↑ 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 62.11 62.12 62.13 62.14 62.15 62.16 Saunders, Stephen, ed (2008). Jane's Fighting Ships 2008–2009. Jane's Information Group. p. 862. ISBN 978-0-7106-2845-9. 
    63. ↑ "HMS Somerset suffers major systems failure after leak". 22 August 2022. https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/hms-somerset-suffers-major-systems-failure-after-leak/. 
    64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 García, Nicolás (25 October 2021). "Asmar entrega a la Armada de Chile la última fragata Type 23 modernizada" (in es). infodefensa.com. https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3247172/asmar-entrega-armada-chile-ultima-fragata-type-23-modernizada. 
    65. ↑ "Command Approved". 1 January 2000. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234321/. 

    Bibliography[]

    • Jackson, Robert, ed (2006). The Encyclopedia of Warships, From World War Two to the Present Day. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 978-1-59223-627-5. 

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